Charged black holes in expanding Einstein-de Sitter universes

TL;DR

This paper investigates charged black hole solutions within expanding Einstein-de Sitter universes, analyzing their electromagnetic sources, causal structures, and horizon formation, introducing new solutions and comparing their properties.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of charged black hole solutions in cosmological backgrounds, including new generalized solutions with time-dependent parameters and their electromagnetic properties.

Findings

Charged McVittie solution may represent a black hole with horizons forming at infinite late times.

Generalized Vaidya solutions do not form horizons, while Sultana-Dyer solutions develop horizons at late times.

New solutions include a charged Thakurta metric with a global electric current.

Abstract

Inspired in a previous work by McClure and Dyer (Classical Quantum Gravity 23, 1971 (2006)), we analyze some solutions of the Einstein-Maxwell equations which were originally written to describe charged black holes in cosmological backgrounds. A detailed analysis of the electromagnetic sources for a sufficiently general metric is performed, and then we focus on deriving the electromagnetic four-current as well as the conserved electric charge of each metric. The charged McVittie solution is revisited and a brief study of its causal structure is performed, showing that it may represent a charged black hole in an expanding universe, with the black hole horizon being formed at infinite late times. Charged versions of solutions originally put forward by Vaidya (Vd) and Sultana and Dyer (SD) are also analyzed. It is shown that the charged Sultana-Dyer metric requires a global electric current, besides a central (pointlike) electric charge. With the aim of comparing to the charged McVittie metric, new charged solutions of Vd and SD type are considered. In these cases, the original mass and charge parameters are replaced by particular functions of the cosmological time. In the new generalized charged Vaidya metric the black hole horizon never forms, whereas in the new generalized Sultana-Dyer case both the Cauchy and the black hole horizons develop at infinite late times. A charged version of the Thakurta metric is also studied here. It is also a new solution. As in the charged Sultana-Dyer case, the natural source of the electromagnetic field is a central electric charge with an additional global electric current. The global structure is briefly studied and it is verified that the corresponding spacetime may represent a charged black hole in a cosmological background. All the solutions present initial singularities as found in the McVittie metric.