Critical Curves and Caustics of Triple-lens Models

TL;DR

This paper develops analytical and numerical methods to analyze the critical curves and caustics of triple-lens gravitational microlensing models, revealing new features and classifications not seen in simpler two-point-mass lenses.

Contribution

It introduces new methods for mapping triple-lens critical curves and caustics, and applies them to symmetric models to identify diverse topologies and structures.

Findings

Identified 9 critical-curve topologies and 32 caustic structures in symmetric triple-lens models.

Discovered lens features that cannot be described by the Chang-Refsdal model.

Demonstrated complex caustic behaviors in planetary and close limits.

Abstract

Among the 25 planetary systems detected up to now by gravitational microlensing, there are two cases of a star with two planets, and two cases of a binary star with a planet. Other, yet undetected types of triple lenses include triple stars or stars with a planet with a moon. The analysis and interpretation of such events is hindered by the lack of understanding of essential characteristics of triple lenses, such as their critical curves and caustics. We present here analytical and numerical methods for mapping the critical-curve topology and caustic cusp number in the parameter space of $n$-point-mass lenses. We apply the methods to the analysis of four symmetric triple-lens models, and obtain altogether 9 different critical-curve topologies and 32 caustic structures. While these results include various generic types, they represent just a subset of all possible triple-lens critical curves and caustics. Using the analyzed models, we demonstrate interesting features of triple lenses that do not occur in two-point-mass lenses. We show an example of a lens that cannot be described by the Chang-Refsdal model in the wide limit. In the close limit we demonstrate unusual structures of primary and secondary caustic loops, and explain the conditions for their occurrence. In the planetary limit we find that the presence of a planet may lead to a whole sequence of additional caustic metamorphoses. We show that a pair of planets may change the structure of the primary caustic even when placed far from their resonant position at the Einstein radius.