Time-resolved fuel injector flow characterisation based on 3D laser Doppler vibrometry

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel, non-invasive method using 3D laser Doppler vibrometry to measure time-resolved vibration spectra inside diesel injectors, revealing internal flow dynamics and cavitation phenomena without modifications.

Contribution

The study presents a new experimental approach combining vibrometry and pressure signals to analyze internal injector flows in real-time, applicable across various nozzle types and pressures.

Findings

Identified a consistent 6-7.5 kHz spectral peak linked to the injector's main fuel line frequency.

Detected nozzle-specific cavitation-related spectral peaks between 35 and 45 kHz.

Proved that nozzle oscillations propagate to the liquid spray, affecting spray dynamics.

Abstract

In order to enable investigations of the fuel flow inside unmodified injectors, we have developed a new experimental approach to measure time-resolved vibration spectra of diesel nozzles using a three dimensional laser vibrometer. The technique we propose is based on the triangulation of the vibrometer and fuel pressure transducer signals, and enables the quantitative characterisation of quasi-cyclic internal flows without requiring modifications to the injector, the working fluid, or limiting the fuel injection pressure. The vibrometer, which uses the Doppler effect to measure the velocity of a vibrating object, was used to scan injector nozzle tips during the injection event. The data were processed using a discrete Fourier transform to provide time-resolved spectra for valve-closed-orifice, minisac and microsac nozzle geometries, and injection pressures ranging from 60 to 160MPa, hence offering unprecedented insight into cyclic cavitation and internal mechanical dynamic processes. A peak was consistently found in the spectrograms between 6 and 7.5kHz for all nozzles and injection pressures. Further evidence of a similar spectral peak was obtained from the fuel pressure transducer and a needle lift sensor mounted into the injector body. Evidence of propagation of the nozzle oscillations to the liquid sprays was obtained by recording high-speed videos of the near-nozzle diesel jet, and computing the fast Fourier transform for a number of pixel locations at the interface of the jets. This 6-7.5kHz frequency peak is proposed to be the natural frequency for the injector's main internal fuel line. Other spectral peaks were found between 35 and 45kHz for certain nozzle geometries, suggesting that these particular frequencies may be linked to nozzle dependent cavitation phenomena.