Existence, characterization and stability of Pansu spheres in sub-Riemannian $3$-space forms

TL;DR

This paper constructs and characterizes constant mean curvature spheres in sub-Riemannian 3-manifolds, proving their uniqueness and stability, and applies these results to the isoperimetric problem in such geometries.

Contribution

It introduces a method to construct Pansu spheres in sub-Riemannian 3-space forms and establishes their uniqueness and stability properties under volume-preserving deformations.

Findings

Existence of C^2 spherical surfaces with constant mean curvature in sub-Riemannian 3-manifolds.

Uniqueness of these spheres as critical points of area under volume constraints.

Second variation formula showing stability of the spheres.

Abstract

Let $M$ be a complete Sasakian sub-Riemannian $3$-manifold of constant Webster scalar curvature $\kappa$. For any point $p\in M$ and any number $\lambda\in\mathbb{R}$ with $\lambda^2+\kappa>0$, we show existence of a $C^2$ spherical surface $\mathcal{S}_\lambda(p)$ immersed in $M$ with constant mean curvature $\lambda$. Our construction recovers in particular the description of Pansu spheres in the first Heisenberg group and the sub-Riemannian $3$-sphere. Then, we study variational properties of $\mathcal{S}_\lambda(p)$ related to the area functional. First, we obtain uniqueness results for the spheres $\mathcal{S}_\lambda(p)$ as critical points of the area under a volume constraint, thus providing sub-Riemannian counterparts to the theorems of Hopf and Alexandrov for CMC surfaces in Riemannian $3$-space forms. Second, we derive a second variation formula for admissible deformations possibly moving the singular set, and prove that $\mathcal{S}_\lambda(p)$ is a second order minimum of the area for those preserving volume. We finally give some applications of our results to the isoperimetric problem in sub-Riemannian $3$-space forms.