Retrotransposon mobilization in cancer genomes

TL;DR

This study developed a computational method to detect somatic retrotransposon insertions in cancer genomes, revealing activity mainly in colorectal cancer and not in glioblastoma or ovarian cancers.

Contribution

The paper introduces a highly efficient pipeline for detecting non-reference mobile element insertions from whole genome sequencing data in cancer, highlighting tissue-specific retrotransposon activity.

Findings

Detected 72 insertions in colon cancer, mostly LINE-1 elements.

No somatic retrotransposon insertions found in glioblastoma or ovarian cancers.

Retrotransposon activity varies widely among samples, with some cases showing many insertions.

Abstract

The Cancer Genome Atlas project was initiated by the National Cancer Institute in order to characterize the genomes of hundreds of tumors of various cancer types. While much effort has been put into detecting somatic genomic variation in these data, somatic structural variation induced by the activity of transposable element insertions has not been reported. Transposable elements (TEs) are particularly relevant in cancer in part because of several known cases in which a TE insertion is directly linked to cancer formation and studies linking the epigenetic status of retrotransposons to carcinogenesis and patient outcome. Additionally, evidence for somatic retrotransposition in eukaryotic genomes suggests that some tissues and therefore some cancer types may be disposed to increased retrotransposition. We built upon previous work to develop a highly efficient computational pipeline for the detection of non-reference mobile ele- ment insertions from high-throughput paired-end whole genome sequencing data that is capable of detecting breakpoints through a local assembly strategy. Using this, we analyzed 33 whole genome tumor datasets with paired normal samples from TCGA across 3 different cancer types: glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), ovarian serous cystoadenocarcinoma (OV) and colorectal ade- nocarcinoma (COAD). We detected 72 insertions in colon samples, almost all of them LINE-1 elements, and none in GBM or OV. The amount of somatic retrotransposition varies widely between samples with 61 insertions present in one case. The lack of somatic retrotransposon insertions in GBM and OV samples suggests that TE activity in cancer is restricted to certain cancer types.