Superfluidity of Bose-Einstein condensates in ultracold atomic gases

TL;DR

This paper reviews the development of Bose-Einstein condensates as a new superfluid system, highlighting their tunable parameters, stability, and critical velocities, and discusses experimental approaches to observe these phenomena.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive review of superfluidity in BECs, emphasizing their tunability and the theoretical and experimental studies on their stability and critical velocities.

Findings

BEC superfluids are weakly interacting and tunable.

Superfluidity in BECs can be described by Gross-Pitaevskii theory.

Experimental proposals for observing superfluid phenomena are discussed.

Abstract

Liquid helium 4 had been the only bosonic superfluid available in experiments for a long time. This situation was changed in 1995, when a new superfluid was born with the realization of the Bose-Einstein condensation in ultracold atomic gases. The liquid helium 4 is strongly interacting and has no spin; there is almost no way to change its parameters, such as interaction strength and density. The new superfluid, Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), offers various aspects of advantages over liquid helium. On the one hand, BEC is weakly interacting and has spin degrees of freedom. On the other hand, it is convenient to tune almost all the parameters of a BEC, for example, the kinetic energy by spin-orbit coupling, the density by the external potential, and the interaction by Feshbach resonance. Great efforts have been devoted to studying these new aspects of superfluidity, and the results have greatly enriched our understanding of superfluidity. Here we review these developments by focusing on the stability and critical velocity of various superfluids. The BEC systems considered include a uniform superfluid in free space, a superfluid with its density periodically modulated, a superfluid with artificially engineered spin-orbit coupling, and a superfluid of pure spin current. Due to the weak interaction, these BEC systems can be well described by the mean field Gross-Pitaevskii theory and their superfluidity, in particular critical velocities, can be examined with Landau's theory of superfluid. Experimental proposals to observe these new aspects of superfluidity are discussed.