Topology of density matrices

TL;DR

This paper explores the topological properties of density matrices in open quantum systems, introducing a new gauge structure that allows defining and calculating topological invariants for mixed states, extending concepts from pure states.

Contribution

It proposes a restrictive gauge framework for density matrices that captures non-trivial topological features and generalizes topological invariants to mixed quantum states.

Findings

Topological invariants can be directly defined for mixed states.

The framework reproduces known invariants for pure states.

Comparison with finite-temperature Chern insulators shows consistency.

Abstract

We investigate topological properties of density matrices motivated by the question to what extent phenomena like topological insulators and superconductors can be generalized to mixed states in the framework of open quantum systems. The notion of geometric phases has been extended from pure to mixed states by Uhlmann in [Rep. Math. Phys. 24, 229 (1986)], where an emergent gauge theory over the density matrices based on their pure-state representation in a larger Hilbert space has been reported. However, since the uniquely defined square root $\sqrt{\rho}$ of a density matrix $\rho$ provides a global gauge, this construction is always topologically trivial. Here, we study a more restrictive gauge structure which can be topologically non-trivial and is capable of resolving homotopically distinct mappings of density matrices subject to various spectral constraints. Remarkably, in this framework, topological invariants can be directly defined and calculated for mixed states. In the limit of pure states, the well known system of topological invariants for gapped band structures at zero temperature is reproduced. We compare our construction with recent approaches to Chern insulators at finite temperature.