The bias of the submillimetre galaxy population: SMGs are poor tracers of the most massive structures in the z ~ 2 Universe

TL;DR

This study uses cosmological simulations to show that submillimetre galaxies (SMGs) are unreliable tracers of the most massive dark matter structures at z ~ 2 due to complex bias and galaxy evolution effects.

Contribution

It demonstrates through simulations that SMGs poorly trace the highest dark matter overdensities, challenging previous assumptions about their role in structure formation.

Findings

SMGs show complex bias with some high dark matter regions lacking SMGs.

Poisson noise causes scatter in SMG overdensity measurements.

Less-luminous galaxies better trace the highest dark matter overdensities.

Abstract

It is often claimed that overdensities of (or even individual bright) submillimetre-selected galaxies (SMGs) trace the assembly of the most-massive dark matter structures in the Universe. We test this claim by performing a counts-in-cells analysis of mock SMG catalogues derived from the Bolshoi cosmological simulation to investigate how well SMG associations trace the underlying dark matter structure. We find that SMGs exhibit a relatively complex bias: some regions of high SMG overdensity are underdense in terms of dark matter mass, and some regions of high dark matter overdensity contain no SMGs. Because of their rarity, Poisson noise causes scatter in the SMG overdensity at fixed dark matter overdensity. Consequently, rich associations of less-luminous, more-abundant galaxies (i.e. Lyman-break galaxy analogues) trace the highest dark matter overdensities much better than SMGs. Even on average, SMG associations are relatively poor tracers of the most significant dark matter overdensities because of 'downsizing': at z < ~2.5, the most-massive galaxies that reside in the highest dark matter overdensities have already had their star formation quenched and are thus no longer SMGs. At a given redshift, of the 10 per cent most-massive overdensities, only ~25 per cent contain at least one SMG, and less than a few per cent contain more than one SMG.