Impact of surface phenomena on direct bulk flexoelectric effect in finite samples

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that surface phenomena significantly influence the bulk flexoelectric response in finite samples, with surface energy modifications causing substantial changes in polarization due to surface dipoles, even in large samples.

Contribution

It reveals the crucial role of surface polarization energy in the flexoelectric effect, highlighting its impact on polarization response in finite and large samples.

Findings

Surface energy modifications can double the polarization response.

Surface dipoles induced by strain gradients produce electric fields affecting polarization.

The effect persists in the thermodynamic limit due to surface dipole moments scaling with size.

Abstract

In the framework of a continuum theory, it is shown that the direct flexoelectric response of a finite sample essentially depends on the surface polarization energy, even in the thermodynamic limit where the body size tends to infinity. It is found that a modification of the surface energy can lead to a change of the polarization response by a factor of two. The origin of the effect is an electric field produced by surface dipoles induced by the strain gradient. The unexpected sensitivity of the polarization response to the surface energy in the thermodynamic limit is conditioned by the fact that the moments of the surface dipoles may scale as the body size.