Thermo-acoustic Sound Generation in the Interaction of Pulsed Proton and Laser Beams with a Water Target

TL;DR

This study investigates how pulsed proton and laser beams generate sound in water through thermo-acoustic effects, with experiments and simulations confirming local heating as the primary mechanism, relevant for neutrino detection.

Contribution

It provides experimental validation and simulation of thermo-acoustic sound generation in water from pulsed beams, crucial for ultra-high energy neutrino detection.

Findings

Pressure signals match simulation within 10% uncertainty

Local heating causes bipolar pressure pulses

Results support use in acoustic neutrino detectors

Abstract

The generation of hydrodynamic radiation in interactions of pulsed proton and laser beams with matter is explored. The beams were directed into a water target and the resulting acoustic signals were recorded with pressure sensitive sensors. Measurements were performed with varying pulse energies, sensor positions, beam diameters and temperatures. The obtained data are matched by simulation results based on the thermo-acoustic model with uncertainties at a level of 10%. The results imply that the primary mechanism for sound generation by the energy deposition of particles propagating in water is the local heating of the medium. The heating results in a fast expansion or contraction and a pressure pulse of bipolar shape is emitted into the surrounding medium. An interesting, widely discussed application of this effect could be the detection of ultra-high energetic cosmic neutrinos in future large-scale acoustic neutrino detectors. For this application a validation of the sound generation mechanism to high accuracy, as achieved with the experiments discussed in this article, is of high importance.