The explosion mechanism of core-collapse supernovae: progress in supernova theory and experiments

TL;DR

This paper reviews recent progress in understanding the core-collapse supernova explosion mechanism, emphasizing the role of asymmetries, instabilities, and the use of numerical simulations and analog experiments.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of theoretical and experimental advances, highlighting the importance of multi-dimensional modeling and analog systems in supernova research.

Findings

Successful axisymmetric simulations connect observations to theory.

3D simulations reveal new challenges and puzzles.

Water fountain experiments offer a new research and outreach tool.

Abstract

The explosion of core-collapse supernova depends on a sequence of events taking place in less than a second in a region of a few hundred kilometers at the center of a supergiant star, after the stellar core approaches the Chandrasekhar mass and collapses into a proto-neutron star, and before a shock wave is launched across the stellar envelope. Theoretical efforts to understand stellar death focus on the mechanism which transforms the collapse into an explosion. Progress in understanding this mechanism is reviewed with particular attention to its asymmetric character. We highlight a series of successful studies connecting observations of supernova remnants and pulsars properties to the theory of core-collapse using numerical simulations. The encouraging results from first principles models in axisymmetric simulations is tempered by new puzzles in 3D. The diversity of explosion paths and the dependence on the pre-collapse stellar structure is stressed, as well as the need to gain a better understanding of hydrodynamical and MHD instabilities such as SASI and neutrino-driven convection. The shallow water analogy of shock dynamics is presented as a comparative system where buoyancy effects are absent. This dynamical system can be studied numerically and also experimentally with a water fountain. The potential of this complementary research tool for supernova theory is analyzed. We also review its potential for public outreach in science museums.