Coherent storage of microwave excitations in rare-earth nuclear spins

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates the coherent storage and retrieval of quantum information between electron and nuclear spins in Nd$^{3+}$:Y$_2$SiO$_5$, achieving millisecond nuclear coherence times and high fidelity, advancing quantum memory technology.

Contribution

It provides the first experimental demonstration of coherent microwave quantum state storage in rare-earth nuclear spins with significant coherence times and fidelity.

Findings

Nuclear spin coherence times reach 9 ms at 5 K.

Quantum state and process tomography show an average fidelity of 0.86.

Nuclear spins outperform electron spins in coherence duration.

Abstract

Interfacing between various elements of a computer - from memory to processors to long range communication - will be as critical for quantum computers as it is for classical computers today. Paramagnetic rare earth doped crystals, such as Nd$^{3+}$:Y$_2$SiO$_5$ (YSO), are excellent candidates for such a quantum interface: they are known to exhibit long optical coherence lifetimes (for communication via optical photons), possess a nuclear spin (memory) and have in addition an electron spin that can offer hybrid coupling with superconducting qubits (processing). Here we study two of these three elements, demonstrating coherent storage and retrieval between electron and $^{145}$Nd nuclear spin states in Nd$^{3+}$:YSO. We find nuclear spin coherence times can reach 9 ms at $\approx 5$ K, about two orders of magnitude longer than the electron spin coherence, while quantum state and process tomography of the storage/retrieval operation reveal an average state fidelity of 0.86. The times and fidelities are expected to further improve at lower temperatures and with more homogeneous radio-frequency excitation.