Theory of temporal fluctuations in isolated quantum systems

TL;DR

This paper reviews the theory of temporal fluctuations in isolated quantum systems, highlighting their behavior, distribution near criticality, and potential use in probing quantum criticality and boundaries in experiments.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive theoretical framework for understanding temporal fluctuations, including their distribution near critical points and applications in experimental quantum systems.

Findings

Temporal fluctuations are exponentially small in volume for generic systems.

Near criticality, the distribution of fluctuations becomes a universal function characterized by a single critical exponent.

Temporal fluctuations can be used to identify pseudo-critical boundaries in optical lattice experiments.

Abstract

When an isolated quantum system is driven out of equilibrium, expectation values of general observables start oscillating in time. This article reviews the general theory of such temporal fluctuations. We first survey some results on the strength of such temporal fluctuations. For example temporal fluctuations are exponentially small in the system's volume for generic systems whereas they fall-off algebraically in integrable systems. We then concentrate on the the so-called quench scenario where the system is driven out-of-equilibrium under the application of a sudden perturbation. For sufficiently small perturbations, temporal fluctuations of physical observables can be characterized in full generality and can be used as an effective tool to probe quantum criticality of the underlying model. In the off-critical region the distribution becomes Gaussian. Close to criticality the distribution becomes a universal function uniquely characterized by a single critical exponent, that we compute explicitly. This contrasts standard equilibrium quantum fluctuations for which the critical distribution depends on a numerable set of critical coefficients and is known only for limited examples. The possibility of using temporal fluctuations to determine pseudo-critical boundaries in optical lattice experiments is further reviewed.