Radio investigation of Ultra-Luminous X-ray Sources in the SKA Era

TL;DR

This paper discusses how the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) will revolutionize the study of Ultra-Luminous X-ray sources (ULXs) by enabling detailed radio observations, discovery of new sources, and insights into their emission mechanisms and accretion processes.

Contribution

It highlights the potential of SKA to significantly advance understanding of ULXs through improved radio detection, detailed analysis, and discovery of fainter sources.

Findings

Current radio observations are limited by faint fluxes of ULXs.

SKA will enable detection of ULXs up to 50 Mpc in a single snapshot.

Radio observations can reveal extended emission, jets, and transient behavior in ULXs.

Abstract

A puzzling class of exotic objects, which have been known about for more than 30 years, is reaching a new era of understanding. We have discovered hundreds of Ultra Luminous X-ray sources (ULXs) - non-nuclear sources with X-ray luminosity in excess of the Eddington luminosity for "normal" size stellar Black Holes (BH) - and we are making progresses towards understanding their emission mechanisms. The current explanations imply either a peculiar state of accretion onto a stellar size BH or the presence of an intermediate mass BH, the long-sought link between stellar and supermassive BHs. Both models might co-exist and therefore studying this class of object will give insight into the realm of accretion in a variety of environments and at the same time find look-alikes of the primordial seed BHs that are thought to be at the origin of todays supermassive BHs at the centre of galaxies. The radio band has been exploited only scantily due to the relative faint fluxes of the sources, but we know a number of interesting sources exhibiting both extended emission (like bubbles and possibly jets) and cores, as well as observed transient behaviour. The new eras of the SKA will lead us to a major improvement of our insight of the extreme accretion within ULXs. We will both investigate in detail known sources and research new and fainter ones. When we have reached a thorough understanding of radio emission in ULX we could also use the SKA as a discovery instrument for new ULX candidates. The new array will give an enormous space to discovery: sources like the ones currently known will be detected in a snapshot up to 50 Mpc instead of at 5 Mpc with long, pointed observations.