Short vs. Long Gamma-Ray Bursts: A Comprehensive Study of Energetics and Prompt Gamma-Ray Correlations

TL;DR

This comprehensive study analyzes the energetics, classification, and prompt gamma-ray correlations of short and long gamma-ray bursts using BATSE data, revealing new classification criteria and intrinsic correlations after correcting for detection biases.

Contribution

Introduces a novel classification method based on spectral peak energy to duration ratio and demonstrates that both GRB classes share similar intrinsic correlations after bias correction.

Findings

Classification ratio R=E_p/T_{90} effectively separates GRB types.

Both GRB populations follow multivariate log-normal distributions.

Significant intrinsic hardness-brightness and duration-brightness correlations exist.

Abstract

We present the results of a comprehensive study of the luminosity function, energetics, prompt gamma-ray correlations, and classification methodology of short-hard and long-soft GRBs (SGRBs and LGRBs), based on observational data in the largest catalog of GRBs available to this date: BATSE catalog of 2702 GRBs. We find that: 1. The least-biased classification method of GRBs into short and long, solely based on prompt-emission properties, appears to be the ratio of the observed spectral peak energy to the observed duration ($R=E_p/T_{90}$) with the dividing line at $R\simeq50[keV~s^{-1}]$. 2. Once data is carefully corrected for the effects of the detection threshold of gamma-ray instruments, the population distribution of SGRBs and LGRBs can be individually well described as multivariate log-normal distribution in the $4$--dimensional space of the isotropic peak gamma-ray luminosity, total isotropic gamma-ray emission, the intrinsic spectral peak energy, and the intrinsic duration. 3. Relatively large fractions of SGRBs and LGRBs with moderate-to-low spectral peak energies have been missed by BATSE detectors. 4. Relatively strong and highly significant intrinsic hardness--brightness and duration--brightness correlations likely exist in both populations of SGRBs and LGRBs, once data is corrected for selection effects. The strengths of these correlations are very similar in both populations, implying similar mechanisms at work in both GRB classes, leading to the emergence of these prompt gamma-ray correlations.