Outcome orientation - a misconception of probability that harms medical research and practice

TL;DR

The paper discusses how the outcome orientation cognitive bias distorts understanding of probability in medicine, undermining research methods like randomized trials and favoring simplistic causal narratives over probabilistic reasoning.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of outcome orientation as a cognitive bias affecting medical reasoning and highlights its negative impact on research and practice.

Findings

Outcome orientation leads to misinterpretation of probability in medicine.

It reduces support for randomized controlled trials.

Personalized medicine rhetoric may reinforce outcome orientation.

Abstract

Human understanding of randomness and variation is shaped by a number of cognitive biases. Here we relate a lesser-known cognitive bias, the "outcome orientation", to medical questions and describe the harm that the outcome orientation can do to medical research and practice. People who reason according to an outcome orientation interpret probability as a subjective degree of belief that is constrained to consider events one at a time, in a way that is incompatible with Bayesian reasoning. Instead of accepting that uncertainty is inevitable, and generalizing from the frequency of similar events, the outcome orientation prefers one-off causal narratives. In medicine, the outcome orientation therefore erodes support for randomized controlled trials in favor of reductionist approaches. The rhetoric of personalized medicine resonates with, and can promote, the outcome orientation, by emphasizing how the measurable attributes of individual patients, rather than chance or unknowable factors, causally produce each particular patient's outcome.