Damping properties of type 1 fimbriae

TL;DR

This study models how type 1 fimbriae of E. coli reduce shear stress during adhesion in dynamic fluid conditions, revealing their biomechanical optimization for survival in changing environments.

Contribution

It introduces a new model combining hydrodynamics and biomechanics to analyze fimbriae-mediated adhesion under in vivo-like flow conditions.

Findings

Fimbriae significantly reduce shear stress at moderate to high flow velocities.

Maximum stress on adhesin is about 120 pN, sufficient for conformational change.

Model supports the idea of biomechanical optimization of fimbriae and adhesin interactions.

Abstract

Type 1 fimbriae mediate adhesion of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) to host cells. It has been hypothesized that fimbriae can, by their ability to uncoil under exposure to force, reduce fluid shear stress on the adhesin-receptor interaction by which the bacterium adheres to the surface. In this work we develop a model that describes how the force on the adhesin-receptor interaction of a type 1 fimbriae varies as a bacterium is affected by a time dependent fluid flow mimicking in vivo conditions. The model combines in vivo hydrodynamic conditions with previously assessed biomechanical properties of the fimbriae. Numerical methods are used to solve for the motion and adhesion force under the presence of time dependent fluid profiles. It is found that a bacterium tethered with a type 1 pilus will experience significantly reduced shear stress for moderate to high flow velocities and that the maximum stress the adhesin will experience is limited to ~120 pN, which is sufficient to activate the conformational change of the FimH adhesin into its stronger state but also lower than the force required for breaking it under rapid loading. Our model thus supports the assumption that the type 1 fimbriae shaft and the FimH adhesin-receptor interaction are optimized to each other, and that they give piliated bacteria significant advantages in rapidly changing fluidic environments.