Brightness of synchrotron radiation from wigglers

TL;DR

This paper challenges the common belief that depth-of-field effects influence wiggler brightness, demonstrating through theory and simulations that these effects do not exist and proposing a new method for accurate brightness calculation.

Contribution

It clarifies the misconception about depth-of-field effects in wiggler brightness and introduces a rigorous Wigner function-based procedure for precise brightness computation.

Findings

Depth-of-field effects do not exist according to electrodynamics.

Numerical simulations show significant discrepancies with existing approximations.

Horizontal source size broadening is proportional to beamline parameters.

Abstract

According to literature, while calculating the brightness of synchrotron radiation from wigglers, one needs to account for the so called `depth-of-field' effects. In fact, the particle beam cross section varies along the wiggler. It is usually stated that the effective photon source size increases accordingly, while the brightness is reduced. Here we claim that this is a misconception originating from an analysis of the wiggler source based on geometrical arguments, regarded as almost self-evident. According to electrodynamics, depth-of-field effects do not exist: we demonstrate this statement both theoretically and numerically, using a well-known first-principle computer code. This fact shows that under the usually accepted approximations, the description of the wiggler brightness turns out to be inconsistent even qualitatively. Therefore, there is a need for a well-defined procedure for computing the brightness from a wiggler source. We accomplish this task based on the use of a Wigner function formalism. In the geometrical optics limit computations can be performed analytically. Within this limit, we restrict ourselves to the case of the beam size-dominated regime, which is typical for synchrotron radiation facilities in the X-ray wavelength range. We give a direct demonstration of the fact that the apparent horizontal source size is broadened in proportion to the beamline opening angle and to the length of the wiggler. While this effect is well-understood, a direct proof appears not to have been given elsewhere. We consider the problem of the calculation of the wiggler source size by means of numerical simulations alone, which play the same role of an experiment. We report a significant numerical disagreement between exact calculations and approximations currently used in literature.