Population statistics of beamed sources. I: A new model for blazars

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new population model for blazar jets that accounts for relativistic effects, helping to understand their intrinsic properties and differences between BL Lacs and FSRQs.

Contribution

A novel Monte Carlo-based population model for blazar jet luminosities and Lorentz factors that explains observed distributions and addresses beaming effects.

Findings

Derived separate models for BL Lacs and FSRQs.

Predicted distribution of Doppler factors for each class.

Identified the impact of beaming on observed timescales.

Abstract

Observations of blazar jets are shrouded in relativistic effects, thus hindering our understanding of their intrinsic properties and dominant physical processes responsible for their generation, evolution,radiation and particle emission. In this work we focus on extracting information about timescales in the jet rest frame using a population-modeling approach. We employ Monte Carlo simulations to derive a simple population model for the intrinsic unbeamed luminosities and the Lorentz $\Gamma$ of blazar jets that adequately describe the observed redshift and apparent superluminal speed distributions for flux-limited blazar samples. We derive separate models for BL Lacs and Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars. We then use these models to compute the predicted distribution of Doppler factors in each blazar class, and address the following questions: (a) What is the relativistically induced spread in observed timescales (e.g., event duration, time lags) in a flux-limited sample of relativistic jets? (b) Could differences between BL Lacs and FSRQs observed in the time domain be attributed to differences in beaming between the two populations? (c) Is there a statistically preferred amount of beaming in a flux-limited sample? How large are statistical deviations from that preferred value? We use our findings to propose promising approaches in phenomenological studies of timescales in blazar jets.