Relatedness and synergies of kind and scale in the evolution of helping

TL;DR

This paper develops a new framework combining inclusive fitness theory with n-player matrix games to analyze how relatedness and different types of synergies influence the evolution of helping behaviors in structured populations.

Contribution

It introduces a novel model integrating synergistic social interactions into inclusive fitness theory and classifies helping traits based on synergies of kind and scale.

Findings

Relatedness and synergies can produce complex evolutionary dynamics.

Bistable coexistence with stable helping levels and thresholds.

Broadened understanding of how spatial structure affects helping evolution.

Abstract

Relatedness and synergy affect the selection pressure on cooperation and altruism. Although early work investigated the effect of these factors independently of each other, recent efforts have been aimed at exploring their interplay. Here, we contribute to this ongoing synthesis in two distinct but complementary ways. First, we integrate models of $n$-player matrix games into the direct fitness approach of inclusive fitness theory, hence providing a framework to consider synergistic social interactions between relatives in family and spatially structured populations. Second, we illustrate the usefulness of this framework by delineating three distinct types of helping traits ("whole-group", "nonexpresser-only" and "expresser-only"), which are characterized by different synergies of kind (arising from differential fitness effects on individuals expressing or not expressing helping) and can be subjected to different synergies of scale (arising from economies or diseconomies of scale). We find that relatedness and synergies of kind and scale can interact to generate nontrivial evolutionary dynamics, such as cases of bistable coexistence featuring both a stable equilibrium with a positive level of helping and an unstable helping threshold. This broadens the qualitative effects of relatedness (or spatial structure) on the evolution of helping.