Stable marriage and roommates problems with restricted edges: complexity and approximability

TL;DR

This paper explores the computational complexity of finding stable matchings with restricted pairs in stable marriage and roommates problems, revealing NP-hardness in certain cases and polynomial solutions in others.

Contribution

It establishes the NP-hardness and inapproximability of relaxing constraints in bipartite stable marriage, and identifies polynomial-time solutions for specific cases, advancing understanding of constrained stable matching.

Findings

Case (1) is NP-hard and hard to approximate in bipartite stable marriage.

Case (2) can be solved in polynomial time for bipartite stable marriage.

Case (2) is NP-hard for non-bipartite stable roommates.

Abstract

In the stable marriage and roommates problems, a set of agents is given, each of them having a strictly ordered preference list over some or all of the other agents. A matching is a set of disjoint pairs of mutually accepted agents. If any two agents mutually prefer each other to their partner, then they block the matching, otherwise, the matching is said to be stable. In this paper we investigate the complexity of finding a solution satisfying additional constraints on restricted pairs of agents. Restricted pairs can be either forced or forbidden. A stable solution must contain all of the forced pairs, while it must contain none of the forbidden pairs. Dias et al. gave a polynomial-time algorithm to decide whether such a solution exists in the presence of restricted edges. If the answer is no, one might look for a solution close to optimal. Since optimality in this context means that the matching is stable and satisfies all constraints on restricted pairs, there are two ways of relaxing the constraints by permitting a solution to: (1) be blocked by some pairs (as few as possible), or (2) violate some constraints on restricted pairs (again as few as possible). Our main theorems prove that for the (bipartite) stable marriage problem, case (1) leads to NP-hardness and inapproximability results, whilst case (2) can be solved in polynomial time. For the non-bipartite stable roommates instances, case (2) yields an NP-hard problem. In the case of NP-hard problems, we also discuss polynomially solvable special cases, arising from restrictions on the lengths of the preference lists, or upper bounds on the numbers of restricted pairs.