Characterizing the nonlinear interaction of S- and P-waves in a rock sample

TL;DR

This study investigates the nonlinear elastic response of rocks by analyzing the interaction of P- and S-waves in a laboratory setting, aiming to develop a potential imaging tool for field applications.

Contribution

The paper introduces a novel experimental configuration and a fourth-order elastic model to characterize rock nonlinearity using wave interactions, with implications for imaging techniques.

Findings

Measured P-wave arrival time changes up to 100 ns.

Derived quadratic and cubic nonlinear parameters for Berea sandstone.

Observed temperature-dependent variations in nonlinear parameters.

Abstract

The nonlinear elastic response of rocks is known to be caused by the rocks' microstructure, particularly cracks and fluids. This paper presents a method for characterizing the nonlinearity of rocks in a laboratory scale experiment with a unique configuration. This configuration has been designed to open up the possibility the nonlinear characterization of rocks as an imaging tool in a field scenario. The nonlinear interaction of two traveling waves: a low-amplitude 500 kHz P-wave probe and a high-amplitude 50 kHz S-wave pump has been studied on a room-dry 15 x 15x 3 cm slab of Berea sandstone. Changes in the arrival time of the P-wave probe as it passes through the perturbation created by the traveling S-wave pump were recorded. Waveforms were time gated to simulate a semi-infinite medium. The shear wave phase relative to the P-wave probe signal was varied with resultant changes in the P-wave probe arrival time of up to 100 ns, corresponding to a change in elastic properties of 0.2%. In order to estimate the strain in our sample, ae also measured the particle velocity at the sample surface to scale a finite difference linear elastic simulation to estimate the complex strain field in the sample, on the order of $10^{-6}$, induced by the S-wave pump. We derived a fourth order elastic model to relate the changes in elasticity to the pump strain components. We recover quadratic and cubic nonlinear parameters: $\tilde{\beta}=-872$, $\tilde{\delta}=-1.1\times10^{10}$, respectively, at room-temperature and when particle motions of the pump and probe waves are aligned. Temperature fluctuations are correlated to changes in the recovered values of $\tilde{\beta}$ and $\tilde{\delta}$ and we find that the nonlinear parameter changes when the particle motions are orthogonal. No evidence of slow dynamics was seen in our measurements.