Broadband modelling of short gamma-ray bursts with energy injection from magnetar spin-down and its implications for radio detectability

TL;DR

This study models short gamma-ray bursts with magnetar energy injection across the broadband spectrum, constraining physical parameters and predicting radio signatures detectable by current and future telescopes.

Contribution

It introduces a physically motivated broadband model for SGRBs with magnetar energy injection, linking X-ray and radio observations within a consistent framework.

Findings

Current radio telescopes can detect SGRB signatures within two weeks of trigger.

The magnetar spin-down model constrains the broadband spectral evolution.

Future telescopes like SKA will significantly improve detection sensitivity.

Abstract

The magnetar model has been proposed to explain the apparent energy injection in the X-ray light curves of short gamma-ray bursts (SGRBs), but its implications across the full broadband spectrum are not well explored. We investigate the broadband modelling of four SGRBs with evidence for energy injection in their X-ray light curves, applying a physically motivated model in which a newly formed magnetar injects energy into a forward shock as it loses angular momentum along open field lines. By performing an order of magnitude search for the underlying physical parameters in the blast wave, we constrain the characteristic break frequencies of the synchrotron spectrum against their manifestations in the available multi-wavelength observations for each burst. The application of the magnetar energy injection profile restricts the successful matches to a limited family of models that are self-consistent within the magnetic dipole spin-down framework.We produce synthetic light curves that describe how the radio signatures of these SGRBs ought to have looked given the restrictions imposed by the available data, and discuss the detectability of these signatures with present-day and near-future radio telescopes. Our results show that both the Atacama Large Millimetre Array and the upgraded Very Large Array are now sensitive enough to detect the radio signature within two weeks of trigger in most SGRBs, assuming our sample is representative of the population as a whole. We also find that the upcoming Square Kilometre Array will be sensitive to depths greater than those of our lower limit predictions.