Optical Observations of Meteors Generating Infrasound - II: Weak Shock Theory and Validation

TL;DR

This study validates and refines the weak shock infrasound model for meteors, showing that optical data can improve predictions of blast radius and revealing that small meteors produce detectable infrasound signals.

Contribution

It provides empirical validation and adjustment of the ReVelle model for centimeter-sized meteoroids, highlighting the importance of fragmentation and refining blast radius estimates.

Findings

ReVelle model accurately predicts blast radii from infrasound periods.

Systematic under-prediction of R0 using pressure amplitude.

Meteors with blast radii as small as 1 meter are detectable infrasound.

Abstract

We have recorded a dataset of 24 centimeter-sized meteoroids detected simultaneously by video and infrasound to critically examine the ReVelle [1974] weak shock meteor infrasound model. We find that the effect of gravity wave perturbations to the wind field and updated absorption coefficients in the linear regime on the initial value of the blast radius (R0), which is the strongly non-linear zone of shock propagation near the body and corresponds to energy deposition per path length, is relatively small. Using optical photometry for ground-truth for energy deposition, we find that the ReVelle model accurately predicts blast radii from infrasound periods ({\tau}), but systematically under-predicts R0 using pressure amplitude. If the weak shock to linear propagation distortion distance is adjusted as part of the modelling process we are able to self-consistently fit a single blast radius value for amplitude and period. In this case, the distortion distance is always much less (usually just a few percent) than the value of 10 percent assumed in the ReVelle model. Our study shows that fragmentation is an important process even for centimeter sized meteoroids, implying that R0, while a good measure of energy deposition by the meteoroid, is not a reliable means of obtaining the meteoroid mass. We derived an empirical period-blast radius relation appropriate to cm sized meteoroids. Our observations suggest that meteors having blast radii as small as 1m are detectable infrasonically at the ground, an order of magnitude smaller than previously considered.