Understanding the ideal glass transition: Lessons from an equilibrium study of hard disks in a channel

TL;DR

This study uses an exact transfer-matrix method to analyze equilibrium properties of confined hard disks, revealing an avoided phase transition with glass-like phenomenology and identifying a key length scale related to amorphous order.

Contribution

It provides a detailed equilibrium analysis of a quasi-one-dimensional hard disk system, linking structural features to glass transition phenomenology and identifying a maximum amorphous order length scale.

Findings

Pressure diverges at a specific packing fraction below maximum

Identifies a maximum amorphous order length scale of about 15σ

Suggests the relaxation time diverges in a Vogel-Fulcher manner near the transition

Abstract

We use an exact transfer-matrix approach to compute the equilibrium properties of a system of hard disks of diameter $\sigma$ confined to a two-dimensional channel of width $1.95\,\sigma$ at constant longitudinal applied force. At this channel width, which is sufficient for next-nearest-neighbor disks to interact, the system is known to have a great many jammed states. Our calculations show that the longitudinal force (pressure) extrapolates to infinity at a well-defined packing fraction $\phi_K$ that is less than the maximum possible $\phi_{\rm max}$, the latter corresponding to a buckled crystal. In this quasi-one-dimensional problem there is no question of there being any \emph{real} divergence of the pressure at $\phi_K$. We give arguments that this avoided phase transition is a structural feature -- the remnant in our narrow channel system of the hexatic to crystal transition -- but that it has the phenomenology of the (avoided) ideal glass transition. We identify a length scale $\tilde{\xi}_3$ as our equivalent of the penetration length for amorphous order: In the channel system, it reaches a maximum value of around $15\,\sigma$ at $\phi_K$, which is larger than the penetration lengths that have been reported for three dimensional systems. It is argued that the $\alpha$-relaxation time would appear on extrapolation to diverge in a Vogel-Fulcher manner as the packing fraction approaches $\phi_K$.