1974: the discovery of the first binary pulsar

TL;DR

The 1974 discovery of the first binary pulsar provided crucial observational evidence for relativistic gravity, enabling tests of general relativity and advancing astrophysics through insights into neutron star evolution and gravitational wave emission.

Contribution

This paper reviews the historic discovery of the first binary pulsar and its significant impact on testing relativistic gravity and astrophysical research.

Findings

Confirmed gravitational waves propagate at light speed

Validated quadrupolar structure of gravity

Supported strong-field tests of General Relativity

Abstract

The 1974 discovery, by Russell A. Hulse and Joseph H. Taylor, of the first binary pulsar PSR B1913+16, opened up new possibilities for the study of relativistic gravity. PSR B1913+16, as well as several other binary pulsars, provided {\it direct} observational proofs that gravity propagates at the velocity of light and has a quadrupolar structure. Binary pulsars also provided accurate tests of the strong-field regime of relativistic gravity. General Relativity has passed all the binary pulsar tests with flying colors. The discovery of binary pulsars had also very important consequences for astrophysics: accurate measurement of neutron star masses, improved understanding of the possible evolution scenarios for the co-evolution of binary stars, proof of the existence of binary neutron stars emitting gravitational waves for hundreds of millions of years, before coalescing in catastrophic events radiating intense gravitational-wave signals, and probably leading also to important emissions of electromagnetic radiation and neutrinos. This article reviews the history of the discovery of the first binary pulsar, and describes both its immediate impact, and its longer-term effect on theoretical and experimental studies of relativistic gravity.