Big Bang Synthesis of Nuclear Dark Matter

TL;DR

This paper explores the formation and properties of large dark nuclei in composite dark matter models, revealing universal scaling laws and distribution patterns from Big Bang Nucleosynthesis processes.

Contribution

It introduces a scaling law framework for dark nuclei formation, predicting size distributions and synthesis conditions for large dark matter bound states.

Findings

Large dark nuclei (>10^8 nucleons) can form in asymmetric dark matter models.

Dark nuclei distributions can be universal and logarithmically peaked.

Even with synthesis bottlenecks, very large nuclei may still be produced.

Abstract

We investigate the physics of dark matter models featuring composite bound states carrying a large conserved dark "nucleon" number. The properties of sufficiently large dark nuclei may obey simple scaling laws, and we find that this scaling can determine the number distribution of nuclei resulting from Big Bang Dark Nucleosynthesis. For plausible models of asymmetric dark matter, dark nuclei of large nucleon number, e.g. > 10^8, may be synthesised, with the number distribution taking one of two characteristic forms. If small-nucleon-number fusions are sufficiently fast, the distribution of dark nuclei takes on a logarithmically-peaked, universal form, independent of many details of the initial conditions and small-number interactions. In the case of a substantial bottleneck to nucleosynthesis for small dark nuclei, we find the surprising result that even larger nuclei, with size >> 10^8, are often finally synthesised, again with a simple number distribution. We briefly discuss the constraints arising from the novel dark sector energetics, and the extended set of (often parametrically light) dark sector states that can occur in complete models of nuclear dark matter. The physics of the coherent enhancement of direct detection signals, the nature of the accompanying dark-sector form factors, and the possible modifications to astrophysical processes are discussed in detail in a companion paper.