Eppur si muove: Positional and kinematic correlations of satellite pairs in the low Z universe

TL;DR

This study reveals that satellite galaxy pairs around hosts exhibit significant positional and kinematic correlations, indicating that many satellites may be part of coherent structures, challenging current cosmological models.

Contribution

The paper extends previous work by analyzing satellite correlations in SDSS data, showing a significant overabundance of diametrically opposed satellites and their alignment with host galaxy axes, which is not predicted by simulations.

Findings

17% overabundance of diametrically opposed satellites

Satellite pairs with anti-correlated velocities align with host major axis

Correlated velocity pairs tend to be perpendicular to host major axis

Abstract

We have recently shown (Ibata et al. 2014) that pairs of satellite galaxies located diametrically opposite each other around their host possess predominantly anti-correlated velocities. This is consistent with a scenario in which $\sim 50$% of satellite galaxies belong to kinematically-coherent rotating planar structures, similar to those detected around the giant galaxies of the Local Group. Here we extend this analysis, examining the incidence of satellites of giant galaxies drawn from an SDSS photometric redshift catalog. We find that there is a $\sim 17$% overabundance ($> 3 \sigma$ significance) of candidate satellites at positions diametrically opposite a spectroscopically confirmed satellite. We show that cosmological simulations do not possess this property when the contamination is included, and that there are in fact, after subtracting contamination, 2 to 3 times more satellites diametrically opposed to a spectroscopically confirmed satellite than at $90\deg$ from it. We also examine the correlation between the satellite pair positions and the orientation of the host galaxy major axis. We find that those satellite pairs with anti-correlated velocities have a strong preference ($\sim 3:1$) to align with the major axis of the host whereas those with correlated velocities display the opposite behavior. This correlation of the satellite alignments appears to be stronger than the well-documented preference of satellites to be located close to the major axis of their host. We finally show that repeating a similar analysis to Ibata et al. (2014) with same-side satellites is generally hard to interpret, but is not inconsistent with our previous results when strong quality-cuts are applied on the sample. All these unexpected correlations strongly suggest that a substantial fraction of satellite galaxies are causally-linked in their formation and evolution.