Intervalence Charge Transfer luminescence: The anomalous luminescence of Cerium-doped Cs2LiLuCl6 elpasolite

TL;DR

This paper reports the discovery of intervalence charge transfer luminescence in Ce-doped Cs2LiLuCl6, explaining its anomalous luminescence through ab initio calculations of IVCT processes between Ce3+ and Ce4+ ions.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed theoretical and experimental analysis of IVCT luminescence in this material, linking it to the anomalous emission characteristics.

Findings

IVCT luminescence explains anomalous large Stokes shift and broad band width.

Ab initio calculations accurately predict IVCT absorption and emission energies.

Predicted existence of a lower-energy IVCT emission around 14000-16000 cm-1.

Abstract

The existence of intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) luminescence is reported. It is shown that the so called anomalous luminescence of Ce-doped elpasolite Cs2LiLuCl6, which is characterized mainly by a very large Stokes shift and a very large band width, corresponds to an IVCT emission in Ce3+-Ce4+ pairs, from the 5deg orbital of Ce3+ to 4f orbitals of Ce4+. Its Stokes shift is the sum of the large reorganization energies of the Ce4+ and Ce3+ centers formed after the fixed-nuclei electron transfer and it is equal to the energy of the IVCT absorption commonly found in mixed-valence compounds, which is predicted to exist in this material and to be slightly larger than 10000 cm-1. The large band width is the consequence of the large offset between the minima of the Ce3+-Ce4+ and Ce4+-Ce3+ pairs along the electron transfer reaction coordinate. This offset is approximately 2*sqrt(3) times the difference of Ce-Cl equilibrium distances in the Ce3+ and Ce4+ centers. It is shown that the energies of the peaks and the widths of IVCT absorption and emission bands can be calculated ab initio with reasonable accuracy from diabatic energy surfaces of the ground and excited states and that these can be obtained, in turn, from independent calculations on the donor and acceptor active centers. We obtained the energies of the Ce3+ and Ce4+ active centers of Ce-doped Cs2LiLuCl6 by means of state-of-the-art wave-function-theory spin-orbit coupling relativistic calculations on the donor cluster (CeCl6Li6Cs8)11+ and the acceptor cluster (CeCl6Li6Cs8)12+ embedded in a quantum mechanical embedding potential of the host. The calculations provide interpretations of unexplained experimental observations as due to higher energy IVCT absorptions, and allow reinterpreting others. The existence of another IVCT emission of lower energy, at around 14000-16000 cm-1 less than the 5dt2g emission, is also predicted.