Quark Mass Hierarchy and Flavor Mixing Puzzles

TL;DR

This paper reviews the complex issues surrounding the hierarchy of quark masses, flavor mixing, and CP violation, highlighting their interconnected nature and comparing quark and lepton mixing structures.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of key problems in quark mass hierarchy, flavor mixing, and CP violation, with insights into their interrelations and differences from lepton mixing.

Findings

Quark masses exhibit a significant hierarchy.

Flavor mixing patterns differ between quarks and leptons.

CP violation is closely linked to flavor mixing phenomena.

Abstract

The fact that quarks of the same electric charge possess a mass hierarchy is a big puzzle in particle physics, and it must be highly correlated with the hierarchy of quark flavor mixing. This review article is intended to provide a brief description of some important issues regarding quark masses, flavor mixing and CP violation. A comparison between the salient features of quark and lepton flavor mixing structures is also made.