New insights on Ba over-abundance in open clusters. Evidence for the intermediate neutron-capture process at play?

TL;DR

This study investigates the overabundance of barium in open clusters, providing new observational data and suggesting the intermediate neutron-capture process as a key contributor to this anomaly.

Contribution

The paper offers detailed spectroscopic analysis of multiple open clusters, revealing the role of the intermediate neutron-capture process in Ba overabundance, which was not previously established.

Findings

Ba overabundance confirmed in open clusters.

Large dispersion of Ba in clusters younger than 4 Gyr.

Intermediate neutron-capture process likely explains Ba anomalies.

Abstract

Recently an increasing number of studies were devoted to measure the abundances of neutron-capture elements heavier than iron in stars belonging to Galactic Open Clusters (OCs). OCs span a sizeable range in metallicity -0.6<[Fe/H]<+0.4), and they show abundances of light elements similar to disk stars of the same age. A different pattern is observed for heavy elements. A large scatter is observed for Ba, with most OCs showing [Ba/Fe] and [Ba/La] overabundant with respect to the Sun. The origin of this overabundance is not clearly understood. With the goal of providing new observational insights we determined radial velocities, atmospheric parameters and chemical composition of 27 giant stars members of five OCs: Cr 110, Cr 261, NGC 2477, NGC 2506 and NGC 5822. We used high-resolution spectra obtained with the UVES spectrograph at ESO Paranal. We perform a detailed spectroscopic analysis of these stars to measure the abundance of up to 22 elements per star. We study the dependence of element abundance on metallicity and age with unprecedented detail, complementing our analysis with data culled from the literature. We confirm the trend of Ba overabundance in OCs, and show its large dispersion for clusters younger than ~4 Gyr. Finally, the implications of our results for stellar nucleosynthesis are discussed. We show in this work that the Ba enrichment compared to other neutron-capture elements in OCs cannot be explained by the contributions from the slow neutron-capture process and the rapid neutron-capture process. Instead, we argue that this anomalous signature can be explained by assuming an additional contribution by the intermediate neutron-capture process.