Completely packed O($n$) loop models and their relation with exactly solved coloring models

TL;DR

This paper investigates the properties of a generalized O(n) loop model on the square lattice, revealing exact solutions and phase transition behaviors, including first-order transitions and connections to coloring models and Potts/Ising models.

Contribution

It introduces a generalized Eulerian graph model with crossing bonds and cubic vertices, linking it to exactly solved coloring models and analyzing phase transitions.

Findings

Identifies a branch with nonintersecting loops corresponding to Potts model transitions.

Discovers a first-order Ising-like transition for n>2 in the cubic vertex branch.

Describes a low-temperature phase with corner-cubic anisotropy for 1<n<2.

Abstract

We explore the physical properties of the completely packed O($n$) loop model on the square lattice, and its generalization to an Eulerian graph model, which follows by including cubic vertices which connect the four incoming loop segments. This model includes crossing bonds as well. Our study of the properties of this model involve transfer-matrix calculations and finite-size scaling. The numerical results are compared to existing exact solutions, including solutions of special cases of a so-called coloring model, which are shown to be equivalent with our generalized loop model. The latter exact solutions correspond with seven one-dimensional branches in the parameter space of our generalized loop model. One of these branches, describing the case of nonintersecting loops, is already known to correspond with the ordering transition of the Potts model. We find that another exactly solved branch, which describes a model with nonintersecting loops and cubic vertices, corresponds with a first-order Ising-like phase transition for $n>2$. For $1<n<2$, this branch can be interpreted in terms of a low-temperature O($n$) phase with corner-cubic anisotropy. For $n>2$ this branch is the locus of a first-order phase boundary between a phase with a hard-square lattice-gas like ordering, and a phase dominated by cubic vertices. The first-order character of this transition is in agreement with a mean-field argument.