The role of the artificial conductivity in SPH simulations of galaxy clusters: effects on the ICM properties

TL;DR

This study investigates how artificial conductivity in SPH simulations influences the thermal and dynamical properties of the intra-cluster medium in galaxy clusters, highlighting its effects on entropy profiles, cold gas, and turbulence.

Contribution

It demonstrates that artificial conductivity improves gas mixing and entropy core formation in SPH simulations, aligning results more closely with Eulerian codes and affecting ICM properties.

Findings

Artificial conductivity creates entropy cores in ICM.

It reduces cold gas and turbulence in simulations.

X-ray emission reflects thermo-dynamical changes.

Abstract

We study the thermal structure of the intra-cluster medium (ICM) in a set of cosmological hydrodynamical cluster simulations performed with an SPH numerical scheme employing an artificial conductivity (AC) term. We explore the effects of this term on the ICM temperature and entropy profiles, thermal distribution, velocity field and expected X-ray emission. We find that in adiabatic runs the artificial conductivity favours (i) the formation of an entropy core, raising and flattening the central entropy profiles, in better agreement with findings from Eulerian codes; and (ii) a systematic reduction of the cold gas component. In fact, the cluster large-scale structure and dynamical state are preserved across different runs, but the improved gas mixing enabled by the AC term strongly increases the stripping rate of gas from the cold clumps moving through the ICM. This in turn reduces the production of turbulence generated by the instabilities which develop because of the interaction between clumps and ambient ICM. We then find that turbulent motions, enhanced by the time-dependent artificial viscosity scheme we use, are rather damped by the AC term. The ICM synthetic X-ray emission substantially mirrors the changes in its thermo-dynamical structure, stressing the robustness of the AC impact. All these effects are softened by the introduction of radiative cooling but still present, especially a partial suppression of cold gas. Therefore, not only the physics accounted for, but also the numerical approach itself can have an impact in shaping the ICM thermo-dynamical structure and ultimately in the use of SPH cluster simulations for cosmological studies.