Taming the pion condensation in QCD at finite baryon density

TL;DR

This paper introduces a modified density of state method to overcome pion condensation issues in finite-density QCD simulations, enabling exploration of low-temperature, high-density regimes and potential critical point detection.

Contribution

A novel modification of the density of state method that addresses overlap problems for problematic observables like the pion condensate in finite-density QCD.

Findings

Demonstrated effectiveness using a chiral random matrix toy model.

Showed the method reduces zero-mode issues in simulations.

Discussed applicability to other theories and critical point search.

Abstract

In the Monte Carlo study of QCD at finite baryon density based upon the phase reweighting method, the pion condensation in the phase-quenched theory and associated zero-mode prevent us to go to the low-temperature high-density region. We propose a method to circumvent them by a simple modification of the density of state method. We first argue that the standard version of the density of state method, which is invented to solve the overlapping problem, is effective only for a certain `good' class of observables. We then modify it so as to solve the overlap problem for `bad' observables as well. While, in the standard version of the density of state method, we usually constrain an observable we are interested in, we fix a different observable in our new method which has a sharp peak at some particular value characterizing the correct vacuum of the target theory. In the finite-density QCD, such an observable is the pion condensate. The average phase becomes vanishingly small as the value of the pion condensate becomes large, hence it is enough to consider configurations with small values of pion condensate, where the zero mode does not appear. We demonstrate an effectiveness of our method by using a toy model (the chiral random matrix theory) which captures the properties of finite-density QCD qualitatively. We also argue how to apply our method to other theories including finite-density QCD. Although the example we study numerically is based on the phase reweighting method, the same idea can be applied to more general reweighting methods and we show how this idea can be applied to find a possible QCD critical point.