The influence of winter convection on primary production: a parameterisation using a hydrostatic three-dimensional biogeochemical model

TL;DR

This study introduces a new 'phytoconvection' parameterisation for biogeochemical models that improves the simulation of winter phytoplankton dynamics and carbon export in deep convection regions, validated against observations.

Contribution

It presents a novel parameterisation of convection effects on primary production integrated into a 3D model, enhancing simulation accuracy during winter.

Findings

The new parameterisation aligns well with observed winter phytoplankton levels.

It significantly increases modeled carbon export during late winter/early spring.

The mixed layer depth criterion is reasonable in late winter but less accurate in spring.

Abstract

In the recent past observational and modelling studies have shown that the vertical displacement of water parcels, and therefore, phytoplankton particles in regions of deep-reaching convection plays a key role in late winter/early spring primary production. The underlying mechanism describes how convection cells capture living phytoplankton cells and recurrently expose them to sunlight. This study presents a parameterisation called `phytoconvection' which focuses on the influence of convection on primary production. This parameterisation was implemented into a three-dimensional physical-biogeochemical model and applied to the Northwestern European Continental Shelf and areas of the adjacent Northeast Atlantic. The simulation was compared to a `conventional' parameterisation with respect to its influence on phytoplankton concentrations during the annual cycle and its effect on the carbon cycle. The simulation using the new parameterisation showed good agreement with observation data recorded during winter, whereas the reference simulation did not capture the observed phytoplankton concentrations. The new parameterisation had a strong influence on the carbon export through the sinking of particulate organic carbon. The carbon export during late winter/early spring significantly exceeded the export of the reference run. Furthermore, a non-hydrostatic convection model was used to evaluate the major assumption of the presented parameterisation which implies the matching of the mixed layer depth with the convective mixing depth. The applied mixed layer depth criterion principally overestimates the actual convective mixing depth. However, the results showed that this assumption is reasonable during late winter, while indicating a mismatch during spring.