Testing for foreground residuals in the Planck foreground cleaned maps: A new method for designing confidence masks

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new method to assess and improve masks used in Planck CMB maps by analyzing residual foreground contamination, leading to an extended mask that reduces residuals and identifies unmasked point sources.

Contribution

A novel validation technique for foreground masks in Planck CMB maps using statistical analysis of needlet coefficients and power spectra, resulting in an improved extended mask.

Findings

U73 mask pixels are highly contaminated and need extension.

Extended mask reduces foreground residuals to below 20% of CMB fluctuations.

Identified 276 unmasked point sources in the cleaned maps.

Abstract

We test for foreground residuals in the foreground cleaned Planck Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) maps outside and inside U73 mask commonly used for cosmological analysis. The aim of this paper is to introduce a new method to validate masks by looking at the differences in cleaned maps obtained by different component separation methods. By analyzing the power spectrum as well as the mean, variance and skewness of needlet coefficients on bands outside and inside the U73 mask we first confirm that the pixels already masked by U73 are highly contaminated and cannot be used for cosmological analysis. We further find that the U73 mask needs extension in order to reduce large scale foreground residuals to a level of less than $20\%$ of the standard deviation of CMB fluctuations within the bands closest to the galactic equator. We also find 276 point sources in the cleaned foreground maps which are currently not masked by the U73 mask. Our final publicly available extended mask leaves $65.9\%$ of the sky for cosmological analysis. Note that this extended mask may be important for analyses on local sky patches; in full sky analyses the additional residuals near the galactic equator may average out.