Selection of AGN candidates in the GOODS-South Field through SPITZER/MIPS 24 $\mu$m variability

TL;DR

This study uses mid-infrared variability in deep Spitzer/MIPS 24 μm surveys to identify AGN candidates, revealing a new method that detects some obscured or low-luminosity AGN missed by other techniques.

Contribution

It introduces a novel approach using 24 μm variability to select AGN candidates, complementing existing X-ray and radio methods.

Findings

Identified 39 long-term variable sources and 55 short-term variable sources.

Approximately 50% of these variable sources overlap with other AGN selection methods.

The contribution of these variable sources to the overall AGN population is up to 13%.

Abstract

We present a study of galaxies showing mid-infrared variability in data taken in the deepest Spitzer/MIPS 24 $\mu$m surveys in the GOODS-South field. We divide the dataset in epochs and subepochs to study the long-term (months-years) and the short-term (days) variability. We use a $\chi^2$-statistics method to select AGN candidates with a probability $\leq$ 1% that the observed variability is due to statistical errors alone. We find 39 (1.7% of the parent sample) sources that show long-term variability and 55 (2.2% of the parent sample) showing short-term variability. That is, 0.03 sources $\times$ arcmin$^{-2}$ for both, long-term and short-term variable sources. After removing the expected number of false positives inherent to the method, the estimated percentages are 1.0% and 1.4% of the parent sample for the long-term and short-term respectively. We compare our candidates with AGN selected in the X-ray and radio bands, and AGN candidates selected by their IR emission. Approximately, 50% of the MIPS 24 $\mu$m variable sources would be identified as AGN with these other methods. Therefore, MIPS 24 $\mu$m variability is a new method to identify AGN candidates, possibly dust obscured and low luminosity AGN, that might be missed by other methods. However, the contribution of the MIPS 24 $\mu$m variable identified AGN to the general AGN population is small ($\leq$ 13%) in GOODS-South.