How to observe the localization law \sigma(\omega) (-i\omega) for conductivity?

TL;DR

This paper discusses the theoretical importance of the Berezinskii localization law for frequency-dependent conductivity and explores potential experimental methods and challenges for observing this law in real open systems.

Contribution

It analyzes the conditions and difficulties of experimentally observing the Berezinskii localization law in open systems, bridging a gap between theory and experiment.

Findings

Identifies key challenges in observing the localization law experimentally

Proposes possible experimental setups for detection

Highlights differences between closed and open systems in conductivity behavior

Abstract

The Berezinskii localization law \sigma(\omega) (-i\omega) for frequency-dependent conductivity was never questioned from the theoretical side, but never observed experimentally. In fact, this result is valid for closed systems, while most of actual systems are open. We discuss several possibilities for observation of this law and experimental difficulties arising at this way.