Local formation of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond by swift heavy ions

TL;DR

This study demonstrates that swift heavy ion irradiation can directly create nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond without thermal annealing, revealing a new method for NV center formation and insights into lattice damage mechanisms.

Contribution

It introduces a novel approach to form NV centers using swift heavy ions, bypassing traditional thermal processes, and explores the underlying formation mechanisms.

Findings

NV centers formed by swift heavy ions are 0.1 of low-energy electron yields.

Yields are 0.02 of those from thermal annealing.

Swift heavy ions enable three-dimensional NV assemblies over tens of micrometers.

Abstract

We exposed nitrogen-implanted diamonds to beams of swift uranium and gold ions (~1 GeV) and find that these irradiations lead directly to the formation of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers, without thermal annealing. We compare the photoluminescence intensities of swift heavy ion activated NV- centers to those formed by irradiation with low-energy electrons and by thermal annealing. NV- yields from irradiations with swift heavy ions are 0.1 of yields from low energy electrons and 0.02 of yields from thermal annealing. We discuss possible mechanisms of NV-center formation by swift heavy ions such as electronic excitations and thermal spikes. While forming NV centers with low efficiency, swift heavy ions enable the formation of three dimensional NV- assemblies over relatively large distances of tens of micrometers. Further, our results show that NV-center formation is a local probe of (partial) lattice damage relaxation induced by electronic excitations from swift heavy ions in diamond.