Simulations of an offshore wind farm using large eddy simulation and a torque-controlled actuator disc model

TL;DR

This paper presents a CFD-based simulation of an offshore wind farm using large eddy simulation and a dynamic turbine model, accurately capturing flow structures, turbine interactions, and wake effects validated against real data.

Contribution

It introduces a novel CFD simulation approach combining LES and adaptive meshing with a detailed turbine model for offshore wind farm analysis.

Findings

Accurate reproduction of turbine wake meandering and flow structures.

Good agreement between simulation results and actual wind farm performance data.

Demonstrated potential for CFD to aid wind farm design and analysis.

Abstract

We present here a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of Lillgrund offshore wind farm, which is located in the Oresund Strait between Sweden and Denmark. The simulation combines a dynamic representation of wind turbines embedded within a Large-Eddy Simulation CFD solver, and uses hr-adaptive meshing to increase or decrease mesh resolution where required. This allows the resolution of both large scale flow structures around the wind farm, and local flow conditions at individual turbines; consequently, the response of each turbine to local conditions can be modelled, as well as the resulting evolution of the turbine wakes. This paper provides a detailed description of the turbine model which simulates interactions between the wind, turbine rotors, and turbine generators by calculating the forces on the rotor, the body forces on the air, and instantaneous power output. This model was used to investigate a selection of key wind speeds and directions, investigating cases where a row of turbines would be aligned with the wind or at specific angles to the wind. Results shown include presentations of the spin-up of turbines, the observation of eddies moving through the turbine array, meandering turbine wakes, and an extensive wind farm wake several kilometres in length. The key measurement available for cross-validation with operational wind farm data is the power output from the individual turbines, where the effect of unsteady turbine wakes on the performance of downstream turbines was a point of interest. The results from simulations were compared to performance measurements from the real wind farm to provide a firm quantitative validation of this methodology. Having achieved good agreement between the model and actual wind farm measurements, the potential of the methodology to provide a tool for further investigations of engineering and atmospheric science problems is outlined.