Polarimetric and spectroscopic optical observations of the ultra-compact X-ray binary 4U 0614+091

TL;DR

This study used polarimetric and spectroscopic observations to detect a relativistic jet and estimate the orbital period of the ultra-compact X-ray binary 4U 0614+091, revealing a ~3% polarization and a ~45-minute periodicity.

Contribution

First polarimetric detection of jet emission in 4U 0614+091 and estimation of its orbital period through combined spectroscopic and photometric analysis.

Findings

Detected ~3% polarization consistent with jet synchrotron emission.

Identified a ~45-minute periodicity in light curve and spectral line variations.

Revealed the orbital period of the system is greater than 1 hour.

Abstract

Aims: We present a polarimetric and spectroscopic study of the persistent ultra compact X-ray binary 4U 0614+091 aimed at searching for the emission of a relativistic particle jet and at unveiling the orbital period of the system. Methods: We obtained r-band polarimetric observations with the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) equipped with the PAOLO polarimeter and with the Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT) equipped with the ALFOSC instrument, covering ~ 2 hours and ~ 0.5 hours observations, respectively. We carried out low resolution spectroscopy of the system using the ESO Very Large Telescope equipped with FORS1 for ~ 1.5 hours (16 spectra covering the range 430-800 nm). Results: The polarimetric analysis performed starting from the TNG dataset revealed a polarisation degree in the r-band of 3 % +/- 1 %. From the NOT dataset, due to the lower S/N ratio, we could obtain only a 3 sigma upper limit of 3.4 %. From the joining of a spectroscopic and photometric analysis, through the study of the equivalent width variations of the CII 724 nm line and the r-band light curve, we could find a hint of a ~ 45 min periodicity. Conclusions: A polarisation degree P of ~ 3 % in the r-band is consistent with the emission of a relativistic particle jet, which is supposed to emit intrinsically linearly polarised synchrotron radiation. Since no variations of P with time have been detected, and the accretion disc of the system does not contain ionised hydrogen, scattering by free electrons in the accretion disc has been rejected. The period of ~ 45 min obtained through the analysis of the system light curve and of the equivalent width variations of the selected spectral line is probably linked to the presence of a hot spot or a superhump in the accretion disc, and lead to an orbital period > 1 hour for the binary system.