Clustering pipeline for determining consensus sequences in targeted next-generation sequencing

TL;DR

This paper introduces a clustering pipeline for targeted NGS data that empirically determines the optimal clustering threshold, improving the accuracy of consensus sequence identification without a reference genome.

Contribution

The novel pipeline automatically finds the best clustering threshold using internal measures, enhancing clustering accuracy in reference-free targeted sequencing analysis.

Findings

Pipeline yields cluster counts closer to true reference sequences

Higher number of consensus sequences match references

Repeat regions impact clustering accuracy

Abstract

Analyses of targeted genomic sequencing data from next-generation-sequencing (NGS) technologies typically involves mapping reads to a reference sequence or clustering reads. For a number of species a reference genome is not available so the analyses of targeted sequencing data, for example polymorphic structural variation caused by mobile elements is difficult; clustering methods are preferred for such data analysis. Clustering of reads requires a clustering threshold parameter, which is used to compare and group reads. However, determining the optimal clustering threshold for a read dataset is challenging because of different sequence composition, the number of sequences present, and also the amount of sequencing errors in the dataset. High values of the clustering threshold parameter can falsely inflate the number of recovered genomic regions, while low values of clustering threshold can merge reads from distinct regions into a single cluster. Thus, an algorithm that can empirically determine clustering threshold is needed. We propose a pipeline for clustering genomic sequences wherein the clustering threshold is empirically determined from the NGS data. The optimal threshold is decided based on two internal clustering measures which assess clusters for small intra-cluster diameters and large inter-cluster distances. We evaluate the pipeline on two simulated datasets derived from human genome sequence simulating different genomic regions and sequencing depth. The total number of clusters obtained from our pipeline is closer to the actual number of reference sequences when compared to single round of clustering. Also, the number of clusters whose consensus sequence matches a corresponding reference sequence is higher in our pipeline. We observe that the presence of repeat regions affects clustering accuracy.