Evidence of a two-step process and pathway dependency in the thermodynamics of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)/poly(sodium acrylate) complexation

TL;DR

This study reveals a two-step thermodynamic process in the complexation of PDADMAC and PANa, highlighting pathway dependency and detailed thermodynamic parameters through multiple experimental techniques.

Contribution

It provides new insights into the pathway-dependent thermodynamics of polyelectrolyte complexation, emphasizing the impact of mixing order on the process.

Findings

Identification of a two-step complexation process

Quantification of thermodynamic parameters for each step

Demonstration of pathway dependency in polyelectrolyte assembly

Abstract

Recent studies have pointed the importance of polyelectrolyte assembly in the elaboration of innovative nanomaterials. Beyond their structures, many important questions on the thermodynamics of association remain to be answered. Here, we investigate the complexation between poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) and poly(sodium acrylate) (PANa) chains using a combination of three techniques: isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), static and dynamic light scattering and electrophoresis. Upon addition of PDADMAC to PANa or vice-versa, the results obtained by the different techniques agree well with each other, and reveal a two-step process. The primary process is the formation of highly charged polyelectrolyte complexes of sizes 100 nm. The secondary process is the transition towards a coacervate phase made of rich and poor polymer droplets. The binding isotherms measured are accounted for using a phenomenological model that provides the thermodynamic parameters for each reaction. Small positive enthalpies and large positive entropies consistent with a counterion release scenario are found throughout this study. Beyond, this work stresses the importance of the underestimated formulation pathway or mixing order in polyelectrolyte complexation.