Randomness is valid at large numbers

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates through statistical analysis that randomness in outcomes like coin tosses and prime number last digits is only valid at large sample sizes, highlighting the importance of large numbers for true randomness.

Contribution

It provides experimental evidence linking randomness in coin tosses and prime last digits, explaining the necessity of large numbers for valid randomness.

Findings

Coin toss outcomes and prime last digits share similar statistical properties.

Randomness validity increases with larger sample sizes.

Empirical evidence supports the importance of large numbers for randomness.

Abstract

Randomness is a central concept to statistics and physics. Here, a statistical analysis shows experimental evidence that tossing coins and finding last digits of prime numbers are identical regarding statistics for equally likely outcomes. This analysis explains why randomness in equally likely outcomes can be valid only at large numbers.