Non-Thermal Electron Acceleration in Low Mach Number Collisionless Shocks. II. Firehose-Mediated Fermi Acceleration and its Dependence on Pre-Shock Conditions

TL;DR

This study reveals that firehose instability-driven oblique waves enable efficient electron acceleration in low Mach number shocks, explaining observed radio emissions in galaxy clusters.

Contribution

It demonstrates that firehose instability-generated waves facilitate electron acceleration in low Mach number shocks across various conditions, expanding understanding of particle acceleration mechanisms.

Findings

Wave generation by firehose instability depends on plasma beta and magnetic obliquity.

Electron acceleration is effective for high plasma beta (>20) and relevant electron temperatures.

The mechanism explains bright radio emissions in galaxy cluster outskirts.

Abstract

Electron acceleration to non-thermal energies is known to occur in low Mach number (M<5) shocks in galaxy clusters and solar flares, but the electron acceleration mechanism remains poorly understood. Using two-dimensional (2D) particle-in-cell (PIC) plasma simulations, we showed in Paper I that electrons are efficiently accelerated in low Mach number (M=3) quasi-perpendicular shocks via a Fermi-like process. The electrons bounce between the upstream region and the shock front, with each reflection at the shock resulting in energy gain via shock drift acceleration. The upstream scattering is provided by oblique magnetic waves, that are self-generated by the electrons escaping ahead of the shock. In the present work, we employ additional 2D PIC simulations to address the nature of the upstream oblique waves. We find that the waves are generated by the shock-reflected electrons via the firehose instability, which is driven by an anisotropy in the electron velocity distribution. We systematically explore how the efficiency of wave generation and of electron acceleration depend on the magnetic field obliquity, the flow magnetization (or equivalently, the plasma beta), and the upstream electron temperature. We find that the mechanism works for shocks with high plasma beta (>20) at nearly all magnetic field obliquities, and for electron temperatures in the range relevant for galaxy clusters. Our findings offer a natural solution to the conflict between the bright radio synchrotron emission observed from the outskirts of galaxy clusters and the low electron acceleration efficiency usually expected in low Mach number shocks.