Radiation-induced softening of Fe and Fe-based alloys during in-situ electron irradiation under mechanical testing

TL;DR

This study investigates the phenomenon of radiation-induced softening (RIS) in iron and steel during electron irradiation, combining experimental measurements with a new rate theory involving discrete breathers to explain the softening mechanism.

Contribution

It introduces a novel rate theory for RIS based on discrete breathers and validates it with experimental data on Fe and steel, linking microscopic dynamics to macroscopic softening.

Findings

Reversible decrease in yield stress observed under electron irradiation.

Radiation reduces elongation to fracture in Fe and steel.

Theoretical model aligns well with experimental results.

Abstract

Defects formed under irradiation in the bulk act as additional pinning centers resulting in the well-known effect of radiation-induced hardening. On the other hand, there is a poorly understood but well-established effect of instant and reversible softening of metals subjected to various types of irradiation. This radiation-induced softening (RIS) effect should be taken into account both in the theory of radiation effects and in the engineering approach for technological applications. In the present paper, the RIS is investigated experimentally in polycrystalline technically pure iron (0.048%C) and in commercial ferritic steel. The effect of the electron beam on plastic deformation of bcc Fe is compared with that in fcc Al (99.5%). Electron energy ranged from 0.5 to 0.8 MeV. Reversible drop of the yield stress and radiation-induced reduction of the elongation to fracture are measured as functions of the electron current and specimen thickness. Rate theory of RIS is proposed, which takes into account the radiation-induced excitation of moving discrete breathers (DBs), recently proven to exist in bcc Fe, and their interaction with dislocations enhancing unpinning from structural defects. The behavior of the DBs is studied using classical MD simulations providing input for the modified rate theory, which eventually demonstrates a reasonable agreement with experimental data. The relevance of results to the in-reactor behavior of pressure vessel steels is discussed.