Approximating the entire spectrum of nonequilibrium steady state distributions using relative entropy: An application to thermal conduction

TL;DR

This paper introduces MaxRent, a method for accurately approximating nonequilibrium steady state distributions using limited data and prior knowledge, outperforming MaxEnt in capturing detailed phase space structures.

Contribution

The paper presents MaxRent, a novel approach that incorporates prior detailed states to improve the estimation of nonequilibrium distributions under varying protocols.

Findings

MaxRent accurately estimates phase space densities across protocols.

MaxEnt fails to capture fine details of distributions.

MaxRent outperforms MaxEnt in diverse nonequilibrium scenarios.

Abstract

We show that distribution functions of nonequilibrium steady states (NESS) evolving under a slowly varying protocol can be accurately obtained from limited data and the closest known detailed state of the system. In this manner, one needs to perform only a few detailed experiments to obtain the nonequilibrium distribution function for the entire gamut of nonlinearity. We achieve this by maximizing the relative entropy functional (MaxRent), which is proportional to the Kullback-Leibler distance from a known density function, subject to constraints supplied by the problem definition and new measurements. MaxRent is thus superior to the principle of maximum entropy (MaxEnt), which maximizes Shannon's informational entropy for estimating distributions but lacks the ability of incorporating additional prior information. The MaxRent principle is illustrated using a toy model of $\phi^4$ thermal conduction consisting of a single lattice point. An external protocol controlled position-dependent temperature field drives the system out of equilibrium. Two different thermostatting schemes are employed: the Hoover-Holian deterministic thermostat (which produces multifractal dynamics under strong nonlinearity) and the Langevin stochastic thermostat (which produces phase space-filling dynamics). Out of the 80 possible states produced by the protocol, we assume that 4 states are known to us in detail, one of which is used as input into MaxRent at a time. We find that MaxRent accurately approximates the phase space density functions at all values of the protocol even when the known distribution is far away. MaxEnt, however, is unable to capture the fine details of the phase space distribution functions. We expect this method to be useful in other external protocol driven nonequilibrium cases as well.