A Helium-Carbon Correlation on the Extreme Horizontal Branch in $\omega$ Centauri

TL;DR

This study analyzes Extreme Horizontal Branch stars in $mega$ Cen, revealing a helium-carbon correlation that informs their atmospheric properties and possible formation scenarios, especially supporting a late hot flasher evolution.

Contribution

It provides detailed atmospheric parameters for EHB stars in $mega$ Cen and uncovers a positive correlation between helium and carbon abundances, suggesting a specific evolutionary pathway.

Findings

He-rich EHB stars cluster at 35,000-40,000 K

Positive correlation between helium and carbon abundances

Supports late hot flasher evolutionary scenario

Abstract

Taking advantage of a recent FORS2/VLT spectroscopic sample of Extreme Horizontal Branch (EHB) stars in $\omega$ Cen, we isolate 38 spectra well suited for detailed atmospheric studies and determine their fundamental parameters ($T_{\rm eff}$, log $g$, and log $N$(He)/$N$(H)) using NLTE, metal line-blanketed models. We find that our targets can be divided into three groups: 6 stars are hot ($T_{\rm eff}$$\buildrel>\over\sim\ $ 45,000 K) H-rich subdwarf O stars, 7 stars are typical H-rich sdB stars ($T_{\rm eff}$$ \buildrel<\over\sim\ $35,000 K), and the remaining 25 targets at intermediate effective temperatures are He-rich (log $N$(He)/$N$(H)$ \buildrel>\over\sim\ $ $-$1.0) subdwarfs. Surprisingly and quite interestingly, these He-rich hot subdwarfs in $\omega$ Cen cluster in a narrow temperature range ($\sim$35,000 K to $\sim$40,000 K). We additionally measure the atmospheric carbon abundance and find a most interesting positive correlation between the carbon and helium atmospheric abundances. This correlation certainly bears the signature of diffusion processes - most likely gravitational settling impeded by stellar winds or internal turbulence - but also constrains possible formation scenarios proposed for EHB stars in $\omega$ Cen. For the He-rich objects in particular, the clear link between helium and carbon enhancement points towards a late hot flasher evolutionary history.