Charge-Swapping Q-balls

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new class of composite Q-ball solutions called charge-swapping Q-balls, where positive and negative charges coexist and exchange within a single structure, expanding the understanding of solitonic solutions in field theories.

Contribution

The paper demonstrates the existence of charge-swapping Q-balls, a novel type of composite soliton with overlapping cores that exhibit charge exchange dynamics, a previously unreported phenomenon.

Findings

Charge-swapping Q-balls can form through overlapping nonlinear cores.

They exhibit charge exchange at frequencies below natural Q-ball frequencies.

These solutions expand the landscape of solitonic configurations in field theories.

Abstract

Q-balls are non-topological solitonic solutions to a wide class of field theories that possess global symmetries. Here we show that in these same theories there also exists a tower of novel composite Q-ball solutions where, within one composite Q-ball, positive and negative charges co-exist and swap at a frequency lower than the natural frequency of an individual Q-ball. These charge-swapping Q-balls are constructed by assembling Q-balls and anti-Q-balls tightly such that their nonlinear cores overlap. We explain why charge-swapping Q-balls can form and why they swap charges.