The Spherically Symmetric Gravitational Collapse of a Clump of Solids in a Gas

TL;DR

This study models the gravitational collapse of particle clumps in a gas, revealing how gas pressure and oscillations influence collapse times, with a new parametrization based on a two-phase Jeans parameter.

Contribution

It introduces a two-fluid model and a parametric formula for collapse time, accounting for gas-particle interactions and oscillations, advancing understanding of clump collapse in the solar nebula.

Findings

Collapse time decreases with increasing $J_t$

Oscillations occur due to gas compression effects

Collapse time approaches dynamical time at high $J_t$

Abstract

Several mechanisms have been identified that create dense particle clumps in the solar nebula. The present work is concerned with the gravitational collapse of such clumps, idealized as being spherically symmetric. Calculations using the two-fluid model are performed (almost) up to the time when a central density singularity forms. The end result of the study is a parametrization for this time, in order that it may be compared with timescales for various disruptive effects to which clumps may be subject. An important effect is that as the clump compresses, it also compresses the gas due to drag. This increases gas pressure which retards particle collapse and leads to oscillation in the size and density of the clump. The ratio of gravitational force to gas pressure gives a two-phase Jeans parameter, $J_t$, which is the classical Jeans parameter with the sound speed replaced by an the wave speed in a coupled two-fluid medium. Its use makes the results insensitive to the initial density ratio of particles to gas as a separate parameter. An ordinary differential equation model is developed which takes the form of two coupled non-linear oscillators and reproduces key features of the simulations. Finally, a parametric study of the time to collapse is performed and a formula (fit to the simulations) is developed. In the incompressible limit $J_t \to 0$, collapse time equals sedimentation time. As $J_t$ increases, the collapse time decreases roughly linearly with $J_t$ until $J_t \gtrsim 0.4$ when it becomes approximately equal to the dynamical time.